Erlangen 2026 – scientific programme

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GR: Fachverband Gravitation, Relativistische Astrophysik und Kosmologie

GR 10: Poster

GR 10.5: Poster

Wednesday, March 18, 2026, 16:15–18:45, Redoutensaal

New Description of the Big Bang's Approximate Volume and Density in the Universe — •Gh. Saleh — Saleh Research Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands

In the analysis of an atom, a nucleus is observed at the centre, with electrons orbiting around it. For every element, a specific atomic radius exists, which is certainly a constant value. Essentially, a fixed "identity card" can be defined for each element, containing constant parameters such as volume, mass, density, and so on. Consider a white dwarf: it is defined as a structure composed of a collection of protons situated close together. This creates a relatively small sphere with a high density. Generally, since the material is made of protons, the density of a white dwarf can be estimated to fall within a specific range (around 10^17).

Essentially, this form of matter consists of protons gathered together. A problem arises when attempting to define the primary matter for the Big Bang. If the building blocks were protons or neutrons the result would be a sphere with a radius roughly the distance from the Earth to Jupiter. If the Big Bang is thought to be made of protons, neutrons, or even photons, it results in a massive sphere, which requires a different definition for the Big Bang. Therefore, based on the explanation above, a particle must be defined that is significantly smaller than a photon.

In this paper we are going to show that if photons are viewed as having a structure like an atom, breaking it down yields Cidtonium particles (between one-millionth and one-billionth the size of a photon). With the high density of Cidtonium, the huge mass and tiny volume of the Big Bang can be defined.

Keywords: Big bang